Insights into Cadmium-Induced Morphophysiological Disorders in Althea rosea Cavan and Its Phytoremediation through the Exogeneous Citric Acid

Cadmium (Cd) is taken in plants from soil and then travels through the food cycle, posing a major threat to all units of ecosystem. A pot experiment was conducted understand influence citric acid (CA) on phytoextraction ability hollyhock (Althea rosea Cavan.). A. were exposed Cd concentrations (100 200 mg·kg−1), either simultaneous administration or without adding CA (5 mM·kg−1 dry weight). The results revealed that exposing different levels stress, i.e., 100 mg·kg−1, significantly decreased (p < 0.05) plant growth biochemical attributes, such as root length (RL), shoot (SL), fresh biomass (FW), (DW), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll carotenoid contents. Meanwhile, net increase MDA REL indicated Cd-induced oxidative stress plants. However, application an organic chelator helped alleviate phytotoxic effects rosea, which shown terms enhancing biomass; is, (27.3% 21.12%), (32.11% 23.02%), weight (39.66% 29.8%), (29.8% 57.33%) under mg·kg−1 respectively, observed. also level contents; foster high antioxidants, SOD, POD, CAT, APX; lower concentration EL. In addition plant-growth managed potential by roots shoots tissues. This demonstrated rising bioaccumulation (BAC) translocation factors (TFs). These findings showed could be practical strategy apply ornamental plants, seedlings, cultivated Cd-contaminated locations, opening ways cope with enhanced phytoextraction.